A moral story that praises a character’s honesty is more effective in getting young children to tell the truth than a story that emphasizes the negative repercussions of lying, according to research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
The findings suggest that stories such as “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” and “Pinocchio” may not be effective cautionary tales when it comes to inspiring honest behaviour in children.
Stories have long been employed to instill moral and cultural values in young children, but there is little research exploring the effectiveness of such stories.
“As parents of young children, we wanted to know how effective the stories actually are in promoting honesty,” says Victoria Talwar of McGill’s Dept. of Educational Psychology. “Is it ‘in one ear, out the other,’ or do children listen and take the messages to heart?”
“We should not take it for granted that classic moral stories will automatically promote moral behaviours,” says Kang Lee of the Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study at the University of Toronto.
To find out which stories were most effective in motivating children to be honest, Lee, Talwar, and colleagues conducted an experiment with 268 children ages 3 to 7. Each child played a game that involved guessing the identity of a toy based on the sound it made. In the middle of the game, the experimenter left the room for a minute to grab a book, instructing the child not to peek at a toy that was left on the table. For most children, this temptation was too hard to resist.
When the experimenter returned, she read the child a story, either “The Tortoise or the Hare,” “The Boy Who Cried Wolf,” “Pinocchio,” or “George Washington and the Cherry Tree.” Afterward, the experimenter asked the child to tell the truth about whether he or she peeked at the toy.
Contrary to the researchers’ expectations the stories which associate lying with negative consequences, such as public humiliation and even death, e.g. “Pinocchio” and “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” were no more effective at promoting honest behaviour than a fable unrelated to honesty, in this case “The Tortoise and the Hare.”
Only the story in which a young George Washington is praised by his father for honestly admitting to having cut down the latter’s favourite cherry tree seemed to inspire the kids to admit to peeking. The children who heard the apocryphal tale in which the future first president is praised by his father for confessing his transgression were three times more likely to tell the truth than their peers who heard other stories. (The father’s response to his son’s confession, for those who do not know the tale, is to say “My son, that you should not be afraid to tell the truth is more to me than a thousand trees! Yes – though they were blossomed with silver and had leaves of the purest gold!”)
An additional experiment indicated that the positive focus of the George Washington story was responsible for kids’ honest behaviour. When the researchers changed the ending so that it took a negative turn, children who heard the story were no longer more likely to admit to peeking.
Talwar believes that the original story about George Washington is effective because it demonstrates “the positive consequences of being honest by giving the message of what the desired behaviour is, as well as demonstrating the behaviour itself.”
“Our study shows that to promote moral behaviour such as honesty, emphasizing the positive outcomes of honesty rather than the negative consequences of dishonesty is the key,” adds Lee. “This may apply to other moral behaviours as well.”
Lee, Talwar, and colleagues caution that more research is necessary to determine whether moral stories influence kids’ behaviour long-term.
Still, they have been quick to take advantage of the findings. Talwar reports a shift in her own parenting practices: “It really seems to work. I use this now with my child.”
In addition to Lee and Talwar, co-authors include Anjanie McCarthy and Ilana Ross of the University of Toronto, Angela Evans of Brock University, and Cindy Arruda of McGill University.
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